Antibiotics have been used extensively for preventing or treating
infections and for promoting animal growth in aquaculture and
farming (Cabello, 2006; Sarmah et al., 2006). Approximately
2.1 105 t of antibiotics are produced in China each year, and
approximately 9.7 104 t (46% of the total) are used in livestock
production (including aquaculture). Antibiotics are only partially
metabolized by humans and animals after administration at a
metabolic rate of approximately 30% (Kümmerer and Henninger,
2003). Hence, large amounts of antibiotics and metabolites are
potentially released into the environment; this phenomenon is
considered the most important factor for the evolution and selection
of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens (Allen et al.,
2010). Previous studies confirmed that antibiotic resistance can be
induced and spread rapidly among bacterial species (Wang and
Schaffner, 2013).
Antibiotics have been used extensively for preventing or treatinginfections and for promoting animal growth in aquaculture andfarming (Cabello, 2006; Sarmah et al., 2006). Approximately2.1 105 t of antibiotics are produced in China each year, andapproximately 9.7 104 t (46% of the total) are used in livestockproduction (including aquaculture). Antibiotics are only partiallymetabolized by humans and animals after administration at ametabolic rate of approximately 30% (Kümmerer and Henninger,2003). Hence, large amounts of antibiotics and metabolites arepotentially released into the environment; this phenomenon isconsidered the most important factor for the evolution and selectionof antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens (Allen et al.,2010). Previous studies confirmed that antibiotic resistance can beinduced and spread rapidly among bacterial species (Wang andSchaffner, 2013).
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