for every simulation time step. With this approach, the spillback effect is passed from one
link to another over time. An analogy is to imagine all links lined end-to-end in release 7,
to release 8, which resembles a bowling alley with all links being simulated in parallel—
with all link-specific interactions being more realistically modeled. In general, execution
times for release 8 will be longer than those of release 7, especially for large networks,
because of the need to use dynamic allocation of memory to accommodate the memoryintensive
nature of the step-wise simulation.