Koluchova (1976) This case study involves Czechoslovakian, male, identical twins whose mother died after giving birth. The twins went to a children’s home for eleven months, then spent six months with their aunt, and then went to live with their father and stepmother. The father was of low intelligence and the stepmother was exceptionally cruel. The boys were never allowed out of the house and were kept either in a small unheated closet or in a cellar. They were discovered at the age of seven, and they could hardly walk, had acute rickets, were very fearful and their spontaneous speech was very poor. After placement in a hospital and later in a foster home excellent gains were made. The children are now adults and appear well adjusted and cognitively able