3.4. Research procedure
Before e-Learning, all 123 students (4 classes) were randomly divided into two different groups, the PDA-WATA group and the N-WBT
group (each class as a unit). Further, all students took the pre-test of the summative assessment and the LPI. This research required 2 weeks
in total (six classes). During the 2-week e-Learning instruction, students in the PDA-WATA and N-WBTgroups could freely learn on theWeb
and take theWeb-based formative assessment anytime, anywhere. The teacher did not perform any instruction of the course contents, only
guiding the students in learning in the e-Learning environment. After the 2-week e-Learning instruction, all the students took the post-test
of the summative assessment and the LPI.