Owing to significant heterogeneity, moderator analyses were conducted, examining
the association of changes in self-efficacy with whether or not specific intervention
techniques were used. Interventions that included feedback on past or others’
performance produced the highest levels of self-efficacy found in this review. Vicarious
experience was also associated with higher levels of self-efficacy. Persuasion, graded
mastery, and barrier identification were associated with lower levels of self-efficacy.