Smoking and hypertension are known risk factors for CVD18–20 and the first recommendation for prevention of CVD is smoking cessation. The present study also confirms that smoking is a strong risk factor for CVD and that GDM and smoking do not have a multiplicative effect on total risk of CVD. The incidence of hypertension in pregnancy is increasing, probably due to increasing overweight among women,21 and evaluation of the risk for CVD associated with the combination GDM and overweight might have given clinically valuable results. Unfortunately, there were too few women with chronic hypertension in our material for this analysis to produce meaningful results