Several PCR protocols have been developed to characterize the different vancomycin resistance genes harbored by enterococcal strains.
a multiplex PCR for the identification of VRE by primers targeted at specific sequences in the glycopeptide resistance
ligase genes vanA, vanB and vanC and in the ddl (DAla-D-Alaligase) chromosomal genes of E. faecalis and E.
faecium.