We developed and tested a short measure of narcissism (the NPI-16) in five studies. In Study 1, we selected items from the larger NPI-40 and compared the short and long measures as well as their relationships with the Big Five personality traits. In
Study 2, we considered convergent/discriminant validity and in Study 3, we examined test–retest data. In Studies 4 and 5, we explored predictive validity.