supply chain, from the producer to the end consumer. Often corruption in international trade only refers to the use of public office for private gains. In such cases, an official agent entrusted with carrying out a task by the public (the principal) engages malfeasance for private enrichment, which is difficult to monitor for the principal (Bardhan, 1997). However, it is possible to find corruptive transactions in the private sector too: for instance, shipping goods using an incorrect tariff rate because it is cheaper than the rate that corre-sponds to the actual goods traded. In terms of trade facilitation, it is possible to find mechanisms to decrease both types of corruption, although corruption in private business is more difficult to detect or to prove (Robertson, Gilley, & Crittenden, 2008).