Perioperative complications of a new tracheostomy
include hemorrhage at the stoma or into the trachea
itself. Bleeding at the site and the vessels surrounding the
incision may be a concern. A small amount of bleeding
is expected after the initial procedure and after every tracheostomy
tube change. This small amount of bleeding
is normally self-limited. If bleeding is more than minimal
or if it continues, the surgeon should be contacted. Such bleeding may indicate that the site should be explored,
and a vessel may require ligation.34
Fortunately, one of the most deadly complications,
tracheoinnominate fistula, is rare. In this complication,
the innominate artery is eroded through the trachea,
causing exsanguination within minutes. The reported
incidence35 is 0.7%, and the mortality rate36-38 is almost
100%. This massive hemorrhage can be due to pressure
necrosis from cuffs with high pressures, improper placement
of the cannula tip (from direct weight or torque on
the tracheostomy tube from the ventilator circuit), low
placement of the tube, hyperextension of the head,
radiotherapy, and steroid use. Most often, the complication
occurs 3 to 4 weeks after the surgery.37Management
includes oxygenation, cuff overinflation to tamponade
the bleeding, and translaryngeal intubation with direct
digital compression,39 followed by immediate surgery
for repair.40 In some studies37,41 the fistula was successfully
treated with endovascular embolization.
Perioperative complications of a new tracheostomyinclude hemorrhage at the stoma or into the tracheaitself. Bleeding at the site and the vessels surrounding theincision may be a concern. A small amount of bleedingis expected after the initial procedure and after every tracheostomytube change. This small amount of bleedingis normally self-limited. If bleeding is more than minimalor if it continues, the surgeon should be contacted. Such bleeding may indicate that the site should be explored,and a vessel may require ligation.34Fortunately, one of the most deadly complications,tracheoinnominate fistula, is rare. In this complication,the innominate artery is eroded through the trachea,causing exsanguination within minutes. The reportedincidence35 is 0.7%, and the mortality rate36-38 is almost100%. This massive hemorrhage can be due to pressurenecrosis from cuffs with high pressures, improper placementof the cannula tip (from direct weight or torque onthe tracheostomy tube from the ventilator circuit), lowplacement of the tube, hyperextension of the head,radiotherapy, and steroid use. Most often, the complicationoccurs 3 to 4 weeks after the surgery.37Managementincludes oxygenation, cuff overinflation to tamponadethe bleeding, and translaryngeal intubation with directdigital compression,39 followed by immediate surgeryfor repair.40 In some studies37,41 the fistula was successfullytreated with endovascular embolization.
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