Similar to performance or authentic assessment is the term authentic learning and instruction. Although this term refers to instruction and learning, it is appropriate to discuss it within the framework of assessment because those who call for changes in either assessment or instruction maintain that assessment and instruction must be integrated. In a 1993 article in Educational Leadership, Newmann and Wehlage use the concept “authentic instruction” to describe instruction which results in significant and meaningful student achievement, in contrast with that which is trivial and useless.