Aiken and colleagues (1994) transformed the initial Magnet hospital work into a program of research congruent with quality of care and organizational effectiveness through study of the links between hospital organizational culture and care outcomes. Magnet hospitals were conceptualized as those institutions that have a specific organizational culture with characteristics of autonomy, practice control, and collaboration. Aiken and colleagues (1994) examined mortality rates in 39 Magnet hospitals and 195 control hospitals using multivariate matched control sampling. MagnetTM hospitals has a significantly lower mortality rate (4.6%lower) for Medicare patients than that of control hospitals. The MagnetTM hospital culture provided higher levels of autonomy and control of practice and fostered stronger professional relationships among nurses and physicians than did non- MagnetTM hospitals.