In contrast, International Donor Agencies like the World Bank, the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) use a normative
approach to describe good governance, focusing on management factors to promote economic
issues. These agencies have identified a number of basic components for good governance.
Amongst these components four are common and universally recognised. These are:
accountability, participation, predictability, and transparency. Accountability refers to the
imperative to make public officials answerable for government behaviour as well as
responsive to the entity from which they derive their authority. The principle of participation
derives from the acceptance that people are at the heart of development. People need to have
CONTEXTUALISING PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION
Participation is, as the World Bank (1996) defines, a process through which people influence
and share control over development initiatives. Though participation sometimes causes delays
in the decision-making (Innes & Booher 2004) or increases cost (Olson 1965) or brings