The port papers also refl ect the radical
shift in port policies to greater reliance
on market forces, with private fi nancing
and operation of terminals. Research into
governance models is refl ected in Brooks
and Pallis (2008) , while tendering and
concession agreements are prominent in
Pallis, Notteboom and De Langen (2008)
and Brooks and Cullinane (2007) . Port
pricing continues to attract periodic
research, in part because prices generally
deviate signifi cantly from an effi cient level
according to economic theory (Heggie
1974 ; Haralambides 2002 ).
The literature on liner shipping (44, or
9.6%) is still a distinct segment of the literature,
but it has undergone some signifi cant
changes. The slow demise of the confer
The port papers also refl ect the radicalshift in port policies to greater relianceon market forces, with private fi nancingand operation of terminals. Research intogovernance models is refl ected in Brooksand Pallis (2008) , while tendering andconcession agreements are prominent inPallis, Notteboom and De Langen (2008)and Brooks and Cullinane (2007) . Portpricing continues to attract periodicresearch, in part because prices generallydeviate signifi cantly from an effi cient levelaccording to economic theory (Heggie1974 ; Haralambides 2002 ).The literature on liner shipping (44, or9.6%) is still a distinct segment of the literature,but it has undergone some signifi cantchanges. The slow demise of the confer
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