Texture profile analysis (TPA) was performed in a TA-XT.plus
Texture Analyzer (Texture Technologies Corp., Scarsdale, NY) and
attributes were calculated as described by Bourne (1978). Four
determinations per formulation of frankfurter (diameter 2.5 cm,
height 2.0 cm) were compressed to 40% of their original height.
Force–time deformation curves were derived with a 250 N load cell
applied at a constant crosshead speed of 0.8 mm/s. Attributes were
calculated as follows. Hardness (Hd): peak force (N) required for
first compression; cohesiveness (Ch): ratio of active work done under
the second compression curve to that done under the first compression
curve (dimensionless); springiness (Sp): distance (mm) of