2.1 EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTING
The early development of accounting system is traceable to the most ancient cities, in Mesopotamia, a home of
number between 450 and 500 BC. (Keistar, 1965): Greece and Rome were cities where coinage was invented in
about 630 BC (Chatfield, 1977) and China is where accounting systems were concerned with the recoding of
merchants, temples, and estates (FU 1971). Keister (1965), further described the use of clay tablets impressed
with the markings of the Cuneiform script by the Scribe, a forerunner of the present day accountant. The system
though relatively simple by modern standards; the Mesopotamia economy did not require more advanced system
to record its transactions and property among parties. Goldberg (1949) also recognized the recording of complex
transactions of grain involving several individuals, a system of record-keeping (accounting) which is a clear
demonstration that accounting is socially constructed. Chatfield (1977), saw the systems of estate records in part
of Athenian Empire, by Zenon in terms of data collection, recording and analysis by several individual as
responsibility accounting. This system employed by Zenon Papyri with respect to data generation, recording and
analysis, (though elaborate and meticulous) were sufficient to detect error, fraud and inefficiency in the system.
The Zenon Papyri approach had little concern for decision making, efficiency or profitability, and perhaps this
feature might invalidate a lot of work that went into the operating system (Glautier, and Underdown 2001). The
Zenon system was developed in the 5th Century BC and later modified by the Romans. Goldberg (1949), saw the
modification of Zenon in ancient Rome as the memorandum book (adversaria' in Greek) and the monthly
transfer of entries to the ledgers ('codex tabulae' in Greek), from which today's ledger has derived its name
'codex'. This system of recording in ancient Greece and Rome according to Goldberg (1949) and Chatfield
(1977), indicates that the accounting systems were mainly concerned with recording and exposing losses due to
theft, fraud, inefficiency and corruption. It was not for decision making and assets protection. Gulman (1939),
added that the accounting system at that time avoided financial reports to outsiders or determination of income
or tax due to government and allied parties. The system still reveals that the accounting system at that period was
of course fulfilling the societal needs and expectations of the users of financial statements.
2.1 EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTINGThe early development of accounting system is traceable to the most ancient cities, in Mesopotamia, a home ofnumber between 450 and 500 BC. (Keistar, 1965): Greece and Rome were cities where coinage was invented inabout 630 BC (Chatfield, 1977) and China is where accounting systems were concerned with the recoding ofmerchants, temples, and estates (FU 1971). Keister (1965), further described the use of clay tablets impressedwith the markings of the Cuneiform script by the Scribe, a forerunner of the present day accountant. The systemthough relatively simple by modern standards; the Mesopotamia economy did not require more advanced systemto record its transactions and property among parties. Goldberg (1949) also recognized the recording of complextransactions of grain involving several individuals, a system of record-keeping (accounting) which is a cleardemonstration that accounting is socially constructed. Chatfield (1977), saw the systems of estate records in partof Athenian Empire, by Zenon in terms of data collection, recording and analysis by several individual asresponsibility accounting. This system employed by Zenon Papyri with respect to data generation, recording andanalysis, (though elaborate and meticulous) were sufficient to detect error, fraud and inefficiency in the system.The Zenon Papyri approach had little concern for decision making, efficiency or profitability, and perhaps thisfeature might invalidate a lot of work that went into the operating system (Glautier, and Underdown 2001). TheZenon system was developed in the 5th Century BC and later modified by the Romans. Goldberg (1949), saw themodification of Zenon in ancient Rome as the memorandum book (adversaria' in Greek) and the monthlytransfer of entries to the ledgers ('codex tabulae' in Greek), from which today's ledger has derived its name'codex'. This system of recording in ancient Greece and Rome according to Goldberg (1949) and Chatfield(1977), indicates that the accounting systems were mainly concerned with recording and exposing losses due totheft, fraud, inefficiency and corruption. It was not for decision making and assets protection. Gulman (1939),added that the accounting system at that time avoided financial reports to outsiders or determination of incomeor tax due to government and allied parties. The system still reveals that the accounting system at that period wasof course fulfilling the societal needs and expectations of the users of financial statements.
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