Any situation where one text is transformed into another can be subjected to this kind of analysis. It can be applied to any stage of the news flow; to the effects of news censorship; to the editing of other mass communication content such as books or television scripts; to interpretation and translation from one language to another in news transmission, diplomacy, business; to re-writing texts for L1 or L2 learners; to the captioning of TV programmes for the deaf. Such research depends on social and political conditions to define its issues, on a sound and detailed linguistic analysis for its evidence, on media sociology for its interpretation, and on newsworkers for its application.