Tyler (2001) suggests that developing bottom-up processes such as phoneme discrimination training should work well for long-term mastery of a language; meanwhile, top-down training can be more beneficial for learners who aim to acquire instant knowledge of a language. In this case, ELLs who aim to fulfill their academic goals need to develop bottom-up listening process. However, Peterson (2001) emphasizes the fact that new ELLs tend to possess undeveloped bottom-up listening 15 strategy. Therefore, bottom-up listening strategies, which require a great amount of conscious attention to language, should be taught in class to enhance ELL s’ listening ability. Yeldham & Gruba (2014) examined the idiosyncratic development of Second Language Learners in a listening strategies course. Their results indicate that learners develop a great balance in their use of top-down and bottom-up strategies. The study suggests there is a need to teach, or at least raise learner awareness of, a variety of strategies for individuals to be able to utilize those that meet their needs.