(e) Construction of recirculation points or buffer reservoirs in the main canal system. ‘‘Loose’’ water control
may be very adequate in the main system—as long as there exists a place to reregulate about two-thirds of
the way down a canal.
(f) Improved water level control throughout the project. The flow rate control and measurement (item (d))
only pertain to the heads of canals, laterals, and pipelines. Downstream of the heads, it is important to
easily maintain fairly constant water levels so that turnout flow rates do not change with time, and so that the
canal banks are not damaged. With the proper types of structures, this is easy to do without much human
effort.
(g) Reorganization of procedures for ordering and dispersing water. In most modern projects, one group is
responsible for operating the main canal; another is responsible for the second level, and so on. The
complete procedure for receiving real-time information from the field and responding quickly to requests
must typically be revamped for most projects.
(h) Remote monitoring of strategic locations. Such locations are typically buffer reservoirs, drains, and tail
ends of canals.
(i) Remote manual control of flow rates at strategic locations. These are the heads of the main canal, and heads
of major offtakes (turnouts) from the main canal.
(j) Provision for spill, and the recapture of that spill, from the ends of all small canals.
What may surprise some readers is the complete lack of discussion of canal lining and maintenance equipment.
There is no doubt that maintenance equipment must be adequate. Canal lining can reduce maintenance and
seepage. But these topics have been discussed for many decades, and the billions of US dollars that have been spent
on canal lining have generally not brought about modernization. This is because modernization is not just a single
action. The items (a)–(j) represent a departure from traditional thinking of ‘‘concrete civil engineers’’ and focus on
operations.
RAP TRAINING
Training in RAP and benchmarking has been provided by ITRC for FAO and the World Bank in Thailand, the
Philippines, Mexico, Kyrgystan, Nepal, and Vietnam. Training sessions have typically lasted 7–14 days, with half
of the time spent performing the field analysis. During the exercise, a group of 20 individuals will be broken into 3
or 4 subgroups. Each group is responsible for completing its own set of data forms, analyzing results, and
developing recommendations for modernization. In general, about 80% of the participants will provide recommendations
that are consistent with each other, and that will result in maximum improvement of performance with
limited funds.
As an example, Table III provides results of participant ranking of future modernization actions—at the end of
an 8-day training program in the Rio Yaqui project in Obregon, Mexico. Similar results are provided by Facon
(2001) for an ITRC-assisted training program in Thailand. Participants in both exercises were told that their
modernization budgets were restricted to a specific amount.
The Obregon prioritized selections are quite different from those that were voiced early during the training
program. The list also included numerous options that were not considered by the participants at the beginning of
the training program.
(จ) ก่อสร้างจุดเวียนหรือบัฟเฟอร์อ่างเก็บน้ำในระบบคลองหลัก ควบคุมน้ำ ''หลวม ''อาจมากเพียงพอในระบบหลัก — ตราบเท่าที่มีอยู่ reregulate ประมาณสองในสามของทางลงคลอง(f) ระดับน้ำปรับปรุงการควบคุมทั่วทั้งโครงการ ควบคุมอัตราการไหลและการวัด (รายการ (d))เกี่ยวข้องเฉพาะ กับศีรษะ ของคลอง laterals ท่อ ปลายของหัว มันเป็นสิ่งสำคัญที่จะสามารถรักษาระดับน้ำค่อนข้างคงดัง นั้นอัตราการไหลของผลิตภัณฑ์ไม่เปลี่ยนแปลงกับเวลา และเพื่อให้การฝั่งคลองจะไม่เสียหาย ชนิดที่เหมาะสมของโครงสร้าง เป็นการทำ โดยมนุษย์มากความพยายาม(g) ปรับโครงสร้างของขั้นตอนการสั่งซื้อ และการสลายน้ำด้วย ในโครงการที่ทันสมัยที่สุด กลุ่มหนึ่งคือรับผิดชอบปฏิบัติการคลองหลัก อื่นรับผิดชอบที่สองระดับ ฯลฯ การขั้นตอนสำหรับการรับข้อมูลแบบ real-time จากฟิลด์ และตอบสนองได้อย่างรวดเร็วโดยทั่วไปจะต้องถูกปรับปรุงสำหรับโครงการ(h) การตรวจสอบระยะไกลของสถานที่ตั้ง สถานดังกล่าวมักบัฟเฟอร์อ่างเก็บน้ำ ท่อระบายน้ำ และหางปลายคลอง(i) ควบคุมด้วยตนเองระยะไกลอัตราการไหลที่สถานที่ตั้งของ หัวคลองหลัก และหัวของ offtakes ใหญ่ (turnouts) จากคลองหลัก(j) ประมาณการรั่วไหล recapture ของว่าการรั่วไหล จากปลายของลำคลองขนาดเล็กทั้งหมดWhat may surprise some readers is the complete lack of discussion of canal lining and maintenance equipment.There is no doubt that maintenance equipment must be adequate. Canal lining can reduce maintenance andseepage. But these topics have been discussed for many decades, and the billions of US dollars that have been spenton canal lining have generally not brought about modernization. This is because modernization is not just a singleaction. The items (a)–(j) represent a departure from traditional thinking of ‘‘concrete civil engineers’’ and focus onoperations.RAP TRAININGTraining in RAP and benchmarking has been provided by ITRC for FAO and the World Bank in Thailand, thePhilippines, Mexico, Kyrgystan, Nepal, and Vietnam. Training sessions have typically lasted 7–14 days, with halfof the time spent performing the field analysis. During the exercise, a group of 20 individuals will be broken into 3or 4 subgroups. Each group is responsible for completing its own set of data forms, analyzing results, anddeveloping recommendations for modernization. In general, about 80% of the participants will provide recommendationsthat are consistent with each other, and that will result in maximum improvement of performance withlimited funds.As an example, Table III provides results of participant ranking of future modernization actions—at the end ofan 8-day training program in the Rio Yaqui project in Obregon, Mexico. Similar results are provided by Facon(2001) for an ITRC-assisted training program in Thailand. Participants in both exercises were told that theirmodernization budgets were restricted to a specific amount.The Obregon prioritized selections are quite different from those that were voiced early during the trainingprogram. The list also included numerous options that were not considered by the participants at the beginning ofthe training program.
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