This table reports leverage regression results for our sample of 151,855 firm-year observations representing 17,452 unique firms from 48 countries over the
period 1991–2010. The dependent variable in Panel A is the ratio of long-term debt to the book value of total assets (LT Debt/TA). Model 1 reports regression
results after removing firms from Japan. Model 2 reports regression results after removing firms from the U.S. Model 3 reports regression results after removing
firms from both Japan and the U.S. Model 4 reports results of a weighted regression where the weights equal the reciprocal of the number of observations in each
country. Model 5 reports regression results after averaging all variables by country and year. In Model 6, the dependent variable is the ratio of total debt
(long-term debt plus current liabilities) to total assets. In Model 7, the dependent variable is the ratio of long-term debt to the market value of assets, where the
market value of assets is book assets plus market equity less book equity. Definitions of the independent variables are provided in Appendix A. Industry effects
based on two-digit SIC codes and year effects are not reported to save space. Reported beneath each coefficient estimate is the t-statistic adjusted for clustering by
firm. *, ** and *** indicate statistical significance at the 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively.