In one such study, participants completed computerized instructional lessons that were followed by either multiple-choice or fill-in-the-blank tests (Prestera, Clariana, & Peck, 2005). Color coded borders were displayed during each lesson, and during the tests, the border were either the same or a different color than they were during the lesson. The results suggested that the integration of color with information can only help retrieval if the color was actively processed. In a similar experiment, Hanna and Remington (1996) found that color is a part of memory representation, that color and form can be represented separately and retrieved independently, and that the binding of color and form requires attention. In other words, the color and the information are not automatically bound together in memory; rather, attention and active processing are prerequisites for the encoding specificity effect. Yet, it is possible that in these studies, the color was too far removed from the information, resulting in a weak bond between the two. For instance, in Presta et al.’s research, the participants’ attention was likely focused centrally on the information, which was removed from the colored borders in the periphery. Perhaps the encoding specificity effect may have occurred if the entire background, as opposed to page border, was colored.