This study also raises a number of important avenues for futureresearch to explore. First, future research could explore the copatents that automakers have developed with their suppliers toimprove the efficiency of the internal combustion engine so that itproduces fewer emissions of CO2, NOx, and other pollutants that areharmful to human health and the environment. Second, it is alsoimportant that research explores how to manage the trade-offsassociated with using strategic alliances to govern the joint development of eco-innovations. Finally, additional research could beundertaken into how automakers could work with their downstream customers, such as the roll out of electric vehicle chargingstations and the development of hydrogen fuel infrastructure(Maase et al., 2018)