Pharmaceuticals and telecommunications are under represented. These two sectors have heavily invested in CRM, but few case studies have been written about them. Telecoms went through a period of retrenchment from 2001 to 2003, which resulted in cost cutting and a lack of attention paid to CRM. The telecom sector has since revitalized, and more-successful projects are being reported. Pharmaceutical companies were some of the first investors in sales force automation (SFA) and some are on their third- or fourth-generation implementations. However, until recently, the deployments did not extend beyond SFA — limiting their scope and interest to Gartner analysts.