Despite on-site treatment can be the optimal solution to
promote water recycle, such an option is generally not affordable
for small enterprises, especially those working on the
most polluting processing stages (dyeing, printing and finishing
steps): in fact, any conventional treatment method applied
individually is usually not capable to successfully remove all
the diverse pollutants present in textile wastewater and to
tackle the large variability in composition, producing limited
results in terms of overall reduction in organic matter, nutrients
and colour (Demmin and Uhrich, 1988; Fongsatitkul et al.,
2004; Soares et al., 2006; Lau and Ismail, 2009).