Compared with skipping breakfast or consuming an NP cerealbased
breakfast, an HP breakfast, containing 35 g of high-quality
beef and egg protein, beneficially altered key physiologic (energydriven)
and nonphysiologic (reward-driven) signals that control
food intake regulation. Although daily intake was not reduced after
the HP breakfast, fewer high-fat evening snacks were consumed.
Collectively, these data suggest that the daily addition of breakfast,
particularly one rich in protein, appears to be an appropriate
strategy to improve satiety, reduce food motivation/reward, and
improve diet quality by replacing unhealthy evening snacking with
nutrient-rich foods at breakfast in overweight/obese teen girls.
We thank the study participants for their dedication and compliance during
the testing days.
The authors’ responsibilities were as follows—HJL: designed the research,
wrote the manuscript, and had primary responsibility for the final
content; and HJL, LCO, SMD, and HAH: conducted the research and analyzed
the data. All of the authors substantially contributed to the completion
of the manuscript and read and approved the final version. The Beef Checkoff
and the Egg Nutrition Center/American Egg Board supplied the funds to
complete the study but were not involved in the design, implementation,
analysis, or interpretation of data. None of the authors had any conflicts of
interests.
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