The formulation of the burger modified from
Sawatdiwat (2000) is shown in Table 1. All ingredients were
mixed for 5 min using a food processor (King model - 05,
Tokyo, Japan). Fifty grams of mixture were weighed and
formed with hamburger mould with a diameter of 8 cm and a
thickness of 1 cm, followed by pre-dusting with wheat flour
(1.5±0.5% picked up) and immersed in the batter (20±2%
picked up). The samples were breaded with bread crumbs
(3.5±1% picked up) and deep-fat fried in palm oil at 180°C
for 3.5 min (with core temperature ~75°C). The burger
samples were packed in Nylon laminated linear low density
polyethylene (Nylon/LLDPE) bags and kept at -20°C for 24-
72 hours before analyzed. The frozen burgers were thawed
at 4°C for 2 hours, and then baked in an oven at 230°C for
15 minutes.