Preliminary work on photovoltaic systems was under-taken by Alexandre–Edmund Becquerel (physicist). In 1839 he observed “electrical currents arose from certain light induct chemical reactions” (Chapin et al., 1954). PV is vastly applied in buildings, transport, standalone devices (calculators), agriculture (pump water for livestock), street lights and hydrogen production (Tiwari et al., 2011). The photoelectric conversion efficiency of a solar cell is about 7–22% in commercial applications