obesity has been recognized as a strong and consistent risk factor for kidney stones.2,6–9 The cause of this increased risk is not well understood. Although obesity and higher body mass index (BMI) are associated with changes in urinary pH and electrolytes, the link with nephrolithiasis probably in- volves more than an increased solute load due to excess nutrient intake.6–8,10–12 It has been hypothesized that the proinflammatory state is associated with obesity and that met- abolic syndrome may lead to stone formation.13,14
Several dietary factors have been linked to an increased risk of kidney stones.9,15–18 For example, in clinical practice we recommend increased fluid intake, low sodium and low ani- mal-protein intake, and normal calcium intake because these have all been shown to reduce stone recurrence.19–21 Patients are often interested in dietary modification to prevent stone recurrence.22
A person’s present-day BMI reflects their historic balance between energy intake and energy expenditure. A restriction in dietary energy intake or increase in energy expenditure might partially offset the risk of stone formation imparted by BMI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the independent relation- ship between physical activity, dietary energy intake, and BMI and the risk of incident kidney stone formation.
obesity has been recognized as a strong and consistent risk factor for kidney stones.2,6–9 The cause of this increased risk is not well understood. Although obesity and higher body mass index (BMI) are associated with changes in urinary pH and electrolytes, the link with nephrolithiasis probably in- volves more than an increased solute load due to excess nutrient intake.6–8,10–12 It has been hypothesized that the proinflammatory state is associated with obesity and that met- abolic syndrome may lead to stone formation.13,14Several dietary factors have been linked to an increased risk of kidney stones.9,15–18 For example, in clinical practice we recommend increased fluid intake, low sodium and low ani- mal-protein intake, and normal calcium intake because these have all been shown to reduce stone recurrence.19–21 Patients are often interested in dietary modification to prevent stone recurrence.22A person’s present-day BMI reflects their historic balance between energy intake and energy expenditure. A restriction in dietary energy intake or increase in energy expenditure might partially offset the risk of stone formation imparted by BMI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the independent relation- ship between physical activity, dietary energy intake, and BMI and the risk of incident kidney stone formation.
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