An early critique of the LOP concept (Baddeley, 1978) noted the lack of evidence for LOP effects using visual stimuli.
Although subsequent research on LOP has also been dominated by use of verbal stimuli, a number of studies have been performed across a range of other modalities, though largely using implicit memory measures for which LOP effects were, unsurprisingly found not to apply (Graf & Mandler, 1984; Jacoby & Dallas, 1981). There appears to be very little investigation of the LOP effect in studies of