Additionally, our study found that individual performance-based rewards are not positively related to the three dimensions of empowerment as implied by the Spreitzer (I995) model. There was no significant relationship between performance-based rewards and perceived impact on profitability and a significant but negative relationship with self-determination. Moreover, performance-based rewards are negatively related to perceived task competence after controlling for actual performance. This means that for subjects with equal task performance, those with performance-based rewards viewed themselves as less competent than those with fiat-wage rewards.