The results from these assessments suggest that the total score for an argument may not fully capture the underlying strengths and weaknesses of the respondents’ understanding and critical thinking—deciding and justifying what to believe or to do about a problem situation (Ford & Yore, 2012). Some problem situations result in the correct conclusion for the use of wrong underlying concepts and evidence in reasoning. The most outstanding deficiencies emerged when considering the evidence (e.g. occasionally irrelevant and sometimes even nonexistent), the relationship between it and the conclusion was often not reasoned properly, fundamentally in terms of an inappropriate use of theoretical backings and related warrants (reasoning)—likely the most difficult aspects of argumentation and argumentative reasoning. We remember that students experience problems when applying Faraday’s Law: