Data Analysis
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare the groups on the basis of outcome measures at the .05 level of significance. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) used for the purpose of data entry, manipulation, and analysis. According to Balian (1994), ANOVA is the most traditionally and widely accepted form of statistical analysis. ANOVA can test three or more group means utilizing a single statistical operation. ANOVA accomplishes its statistical testing by comparing variance between the groups to the variance within each group. A significant statistical finding would indicate that group means were significantly different from each other. In case of a significant statistical finding, there is a need to use a PostHoc test (Tukey, Scheffe, Bonferroni or others) to find exactly which groups differed from which other groups (Balian, 1994). In this research, because of a significant finding from ANOVA,Bonferroni test was used to find exactly which groups differed from each other. In addition, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance was used to decide whether or not the average differences between the groups are due chance. Kruskal-Wallis oneway analysis of variance is the nonparametric statistical test for analyzing data from two or more independent samples of subjects (Shavelson, 1996).