1. Isolates are completely detached, and passively support the status quo by not
taking action to bring about changes. They do not care much about their leaders,
and just do their job without taking an interest in the overall organization. Isolates
need coaching, yet sometimes fi ring them is the only solution.
2. Bystanders are free riders who are typically detached when it fi ts their self-interests.
At a meeting, a bystander is more likely to focus on the refreshments, and taking
peeks at his or her personal text messages. Bystanders have low internal motivation,
so the leader has to work hard to fi nd the right motivators to spark the
bystander into action.
3. Participants show enough engagement to invest some of their own time and
money to make a difference, such as taking it on their own to learn new technology
that would help the group. Participants are sometimes for, and sometimes against,