A fluorine-doped SnO2 conductive glass (FTO) sheet resistance (15 X/cm2) was purchased from Dye Sol Company and used as the current collector. The FTO plate was cleaned in a detergent
solution using an ultrasonic bath for 15 min, rinsed with double distilled water and ethanol, and then dried. Scotch tape was used as a spacer to control the TiO2 film thickness and to provide non- coated areas for electrical contact. The TiO2 paste was deposited on the FTO conductive glass using the doctor-blade technique to obtain suitable thickness of TiO2 film, as the photo anode, to pre-
pare an active area of 0.25 cm2 [17]. After being coated, the TiO2
film was air-dried for about 5 min to reduce the surface irregulari- ties. The TiO2 film coated on FTO glass was sintered at 500 C for
1 h to increase the compactness of the internal voids of film orga-
nization and remove the organic loads, which facilitates the inter- connection of the TiO2 nanoparticles and enhances its absorption performance.