FIGURE 8.9 Relationship between wall movement and earth pressures. (a) Ideal cases where the
backfill begins from at-rest pressures; (b) case for a sand backfill compacted to a medium-dense condition
with no wall movement. (From Clough, G. W. and Duncan, J. M., “Earth Pressures,” Chap. 6
in Foundation Engineering Handbook, Fang, H. Y., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1991, with
permission)