The problem of malnutrition in poor societies is best viewed
as a “syndrome of developmental impairment,” which
includes growth failure; delayed motor, cognitive, and
behavioural development; diminished immunocompetence;
and increased morbidity and mortality. Growth retardation
is often found in association with other problems,
such as vitamin A deficiency and anaemia. These clusters
of nutritional problems flourish during periods of
vulnerability, namely in utero and during the first three
years of life, and affect at least a third of all young children
in developing countries. Survivors of malnutrition
in early childhood suffer functional disadvantages as adults,
including diminished intellectual performance, low work
capacity, and increased risk of delivery complications. The
prevention of low birthweight and the promotion of adequate
growth and development during early childhood
will result in healthier, more productive adults. Such investments,
because they build human capital, are best
viewed as long-term economic strategies.