2.3. Numerical simulation2.3.1. Modeling and mesh generation
A 3D substance geometry model was built using CFD software FLUENT 6.3 (Fig. 3). The model was divided into several areas, and the mesh in the greater change in flow field area was encrypted. The model was meshed to 500,000–900,000 grids by a tetrahedral-structured meshing technology.
2.3.2. Boundary conditions and solution algorithm The reliability of simulation results depended on the rationality of boundary conditions in simulation. The movement of fluid changed with time, so unsteady flow was set in the simulation. The wall function was used near the wall, and no-slip velocity boundary conditions were chosen. The Eulerian model was selected as the multiphase flow model, the RNG k- _ model was selected as the turbulence model, the Syamlal–O’Brien correlation was selected to define granular kinetic viscosity, and Gidaspow was selected as the drag force model (Liu et al., 2015). All terms of the governing equations for unsteady state were discretized using the first-order upwind differencing scheme. The Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations (SIMPLE) was employed for pressure–velocity coupling. The convergence criterion was set at1 × 10−3for all the equations. The key parameters used in simulations are presented in Table 3.