Inclusion criteria comprised IBS-D (Rome III criteria),
average worst abdominal pain (WAP) score > 3 (scale 0 to
10), average stool consistency Bristol Stool Scale (BSS) score
≥ 5.5 (scale 1 to 7), at least 5 days with a BSS score ≥ 5.5 during
the 4-week screening period, and IBS-D global symptom
score ≥ 2.0 (scale 0 to 4). Patients with inflammatory
bowel or celiac disease, prior pancreatitis, sphincter of Oddi
dysfunction, and other GI conditions or elevated lipase,
alanine, or aspartate aminotransferases were excluded.