Sodium Hyaluronate is derived from rooster comb or by the fermentation of yeast, and applied topically, forms "an air permeable layer and penetrates into the dermis, thus boosting the elasticity and hydration of the skin" (BioChemicals, a producer and retailer of Sodium Hyaluronate for cosmetic formulas). It has the ability to adjust its moisture absorption based on the relative humidity in the air, as well as protect the skin by scavenging for reactive oxygen species created by UV rays, fighting sunspots and other age spots. The small molecules can penetrate deep into the dermis, maintaining and attracting water, as well as to promoting microcirculation.