. Equivalence is measured through a parallel forms procedure in which one administers alternative forms of the same measure to either the same group or different group of respondents. This administration of the various forms occurs at the same time or following some time delay. The higher the degree of correlation between the two form, the more equivalent they are. In practice the parallel forms procedure is seldom implemented, as it is difficult, if not impossible, to verify that two tests are indeed parallel (i.e., have equal means, variances, and correlations with other measures). Indeed, it is difficult enough to have one well-developed instrument to measure the construct of interest let alone two. Another situation in which equivalence will be important is when the measurement process entails subjective judgments or ratings being made by mode by more than one person. Say, for example, that you are a part of a research team whose purpose is to interview people concerning their attitudes toward educational curriculum for children. Lt should be self-evident to you that each rater should apply the same standards toward the assessment of the responses. The same can be said for a situation in which multiple individuals are observing behavior. The observers should agree as to what