Governance in Japan is marked by a lack of clear disclosure rules. The absence of accounting rules for investment partnerships is one example. When it comes to takeover bids, no clear rules are in place about how and in what ways parties may act in concert to acquire stakes in target companies. Thus, Mr Horie was able to gather a 35% stake in Fuji's radio subsidiary in after-hours trading—and even got a court to bless the action—though an investor is meant to declare once his stake reaches 5%. There is no threshold, as there is in Europe and some of the rest of Asia, above which an acquirer of shares must make a full bid for a target. Nor need a bidder offer the same price to all shareholders. In the case of Fuji, Mr Horie saw the gaps in all these areas, and drove a coach right through them.