Experimental set-up
Individual aquaria (1-litre Solo PET food service containers) were set up in a flow-through system at the beginning of each trial and were equilibrated with different CO2 concentrations. The PET containers (16 in total) were placed in a water bath in which temperature was maintained at ~20°C (monitored using an Onset data logger (pendant model UA-002-64), which recorded ambient light intensity and water temperature every 15 minutes). The containers were covered tightly with lids in which a single hole had been cut (0.5 cm diameter), which allowed the water and gas tubing to fit snugly inside. Vineyard Sound seawater, temperature-controlled to 20°C and 5 µm-filtered, was fed into a header tank from which it flowed through 2 ‘H’-shaped equilibration chambers. Seawater in chamber 1 was continuously equilibrated with air pumped from an indoor air compressor, while seawater in chamber 2 was equilibrated with the air from the same source enriched with CO2 using Aalborg Mass Flow Controllers (model GFC17 and GFC37). Both gas mixtures passed through air stones in the equilibration chambers. The concentrations of CO2 in the gases bubbled in the two sets of aquaria were set to 390 μatm (control) and 2200 μatm (treatment), targeting pH levels of 8.0 and 7.3 for the control and elevated pCO2 levels respectively. CO2 concentrations of the gases were analyzed weekly using a Qubit Systems CO2 Analyzer (model s151) with reference to 3 known commercially prepared standards (1036, 362 and 0 ppm). Gas concentrations in both treatments remained stable for the duration of the experiment (mean ± SE; control: 394±6 ppm; treatment: 2267±10 ppm.
ติดตั้งทดลองIndividual aquaria (1-litre Solo PET food service containers) were set up in a flow-through system at the beginning of each trial and were equilibrated with different CO2 concentrations. The PET containers (16 in total) were placed in a water bath in which temperature was maintained at ~20°C (monitored using an Onset data logger (pendant model UA-002-64), which recorded ambient light intensity and water temperature every 15 minutes). The containers were covered tightly with lids in which a single hole had been cut (0.5 cm diameter), which allowed the water and gas tubing to fit snugly inside. Vineyard Sound seawater, temperature-controlled to 20°C and 5 µm-filtered, was fed into a header tank from which it flowed through 2 ‘H’-shaped equilibration chambers. Seawater in chamber 1 was continuously equilibrated with air pumped from an indoor air compressor, while seawater in chamber 2 was equilibrated with the air from the same source enriched with CO2 using Aalborg Mass Flow Controllers (model GFC17 and GFC37). Both gas mixtures passed through air stones in the equilibration chambers. The concentrations of CO2 in the gases bubbled in the two sets of aquaria were set to 390 μatm (control) and 2200 μatm (treatment), targeting pH levels of 8.0 and 7.3 for the control and elevated pCO2 levels respectively. CO2 concentrations of the gases were analyzed weekly using a Qubit Systems CO2 Analyzer (model s151) with reference to 3 known commercially prepared standards (1036, 362 and 0 ppm). Gas concentrations in both treatments remained stable for the duration of the experiment (mean ± SE; control: 394±6 ppm; treatment: 2267±10 ppm.
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Experimental set-up
Individual aquaria (1-litre Solo PET food service containers) were set up in a flow-through system at the beginning of each trial and were equilibrated with different CO2 concentrations. The PET containers (16 in total) were placed in a water bath in which temperature was maintained at ~20°C (monitored using an Onset data logger (pendant model UA-002-64), which recorded ambient light intensity and water temperature every 15 minutes). The containers were covered tightly with lids in which a single hole had been cut (0.5 cm diameter), which allowed the water and gas tubing to fit snugly inside. Vineyard Sound seawater, temperature-controlled to 20°C and 5 µm-filtered, was fed into a header tank from which it flowed through 2 ‘H’-shaped equilibration chambers. Seawater in chamber 1 was continuously equilibrated with air pumped from an indoor air compressor, while seawater in chamber 2 was equilibrated with the air from the same source enriched with CO2 using Aalborg Mass Flow Controllers (model GFC17 and GFC37). Both gas mixtures passed through air stones in the equilibration chambers. The concentrations of CO2 in the gases bubbled in the two sets of aquaria were set to 390 μatm (control) and 2200 μatm (treatment), targeting pH levels of 8.0 and 7.3 for the control and elevated pCO2 levels respectively. CO2 concentrations of the gases were analyzed weekly using a Qubit Systems CO2 Analyzer (model s151) with reference to 3 known commercially prepared standards (1036, 362 and 0 ppm). Gas concentrations in both treatments remained stable for the duration of the experiment (mean ± SE; control: 394±6 ppm; treatment: 2267±10 ppm.
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