2.2.1. Exposure
Exposure can be seen as the degree to which an area is in contact with a perturbation (e.g. hurricane) (Adger, 2006; Gallopin, 2006).Using flooding as an example, the total emergy of accumulatedrunoff is regarded as the exposure of an area to an extreme cli-mate event. The flood prone area can be characterized with highexposure because they are exposed to higher accumulated rainand runoff during a typhoon event. When calculating runoff, thenatural system’s capability of providing ecosystem services to reg-ulate flooding is taken into account. The ecosystem service of floodregulation is affected by land cover and the hydrologic soil charac-teristics of the study area. Obviously, urbanized areas have limitedcapability for flood regulation because of the higher amounts ofimpervious surface area leading to higher amounts of runoff rel-ative to non-urbanized areas. Runoff can be calculated using the