The latter is considered an efficient stoichiometric mechanism of pesticide detoxification because CE activity if often more sensitive to organophosphate inhibition than acetyl cholinesterase activity (the primary molecular target for organophosphate acute toxicity) (Wheelock et al., 2008). Taken together, these studies suggest that CE activity of aquatic organisms potentially exposed to PPCPs could modulate the toxicity and bioaccumulation of these contaminants.