The same applies on an ontogenetically more advanced level to associations (between stimuli and action schemes) that were appropriate at one time in the past, but have now become both automated and purposeless.
From such a point of view cognitive representations have to integrate and organize “lower-level” building blocks or codes (see also Perrig & Hofer, 1989; Viviani, 1986). Within such a system or architecture, learning can be treated as a product of developing and modifying the mediating cognitive-perceptual structures in motor memory.