The health outcomes due to ambient

The health outcomes due to ambient air pollution include mortality, chronic morbidity, hospital admissions and outpatients,
and decline in lung function. Compared with adults, children are more vulnerable to particulates and gaseous pollutants in the air because of their immature immune systems. Moreover, children have differential abilities to metabolize and detoxify environmental agents and have an airway epithelium that is more permeable to inhaled air pollutants (Schwartz, 2004). Daily hospital admission counts of children with respiratory diseases from the pediatric department of Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Fudan University were collected. The causes of hospital admission were coded according to International Classification of Diseases, Revision 10 (ICD–10).