Instrument translation
The DMSES and SDSCA questionnaires were prepared in
two languages; English and Malay, using a semantic translation
technique. The face and content validity of this instrument
were assessed by a panel of experts; consisting of an
endocrinologist, diabetic nurse educator, pharmacist, dietician,
therapist and type 2 diabetes patients to ensure that the
questions were appropriate and relevant in the current
Malaysian setting and culture.