The calculation of the mass transfer coefficient and the interfacial area were based on the empirical correlation formulas proposed by Brave et al. [69]. The heat transfer coefficient is estimated by Chilton–Colburn method [70]. Chen [71] proposed that the liquid holdup was appropriate to be set as 3–5% of free volume, and therefore 4% of the free volume was chosen in this paper. Other relevant coefficients are obtained by the default correlations of RateFrac [65].