Numerous researchers have found that the social skills constituting this component of SEL are even more directly related to early academic success. In a sophisticated structural model examining an amalgam of social skills, Elias and Haynes (2008; see also Welsh, Nix, Blair, Bierman, & Nelson, 2010) showed that initial social competence and improvements in social competence (i.e., cooperation, self-control, and assertion) predicted third graders’ end-of-year grades in reading and mathematics.