4.4. Data collection and analysis T

4.4. Data collection and analysis The primary source of data was pre-service elementary teachers’ responses to the Fraction Knowledge Test. The partici-pants were asked to complete a computational test in the first day of each course (pre-test), and the same items were given to the pre-service teachers 6 weeks later after using an open approach instruction (post-test). The participants were given approximately 120 min to answer 32 items used in the Fraction Knowledge Test, and Fig. 2 shows mastering computational skills model. Open approach instruction on computational skills was begun after the pre-test, and further open approach instruction on computational skills was given after the post-test.